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Theoretical introdution

This case is an extension of the classical Hertzian contact, as defined in Pereira et al. (2016) ^[1] and described in detail in Hojjati-Talemi et al. (2014) ^[2]

It is considered within the Multi-analysis of fretting fatigue using physical and virtual experiments project

Contact of cylinders under partial slip

This extends the classical theory of Hertzian contact with a tangential force $Q$. When the tangential force is less than the limiting force of friction, i.e., \[|Q| < \mu P,\] where $\mu$ is the coefficent of friction, sliding motion will not occur but the contact will be divided into regions of slip and stick zones that are unknown a priori. For the case of cylinders the analysis is given in Hills & Nowell (1994), p. 44.

Besides the normal traction $p(x)$ we know have an additional shear traction given by \begin{equation} q(x) = \begin{cases} -\mu p_0 \sqrt{1 - \frac{x^2}{b^2}}, & c \leq |x| \leq b \\ -\mu p_0 \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{x^2}{b^2}} - \frac{c}{b}\sqrt{1 - \frac{x^2}{c^2}}\right), & |x| < c \end{cases} \end{equation} where $b$ is the half-width of the whole contact, and $c$ the half-width of the central sticking region. The width of the central zone, i.e. the value of dimension $c$ is dependent on the applied tangential force $Q$: \begin{equation} \frac{c}{b} = \sqrt{1 - \frac{Q}{\mu P}} \end{equation}

The distributions $q(x)$ and $p(x)$ as well as the widths of the stick and slip zones can be seen in the image below.

The effect of bulk stress

Additionally we might be interested in the addition of bulk stress $\sigma_{\textrm{ax}}$. This type of stress occurs in fretting fatique experiments like the one shown below ^[1].

The previous solution for contact of cylinders under partial slip can be adjusted for the presence of bulk stresses $\sigma_\mathrm{ax}$. These cause an eccentricity $e$ to the solution given above. The shear traction $q(x)$ can be written as: \begin{equation} q(x) = \begin{cases} -\mu p_0 \sqrt{1 - \frac{x^2}{b^2}}, \quad c \leq | x - e | \text{ and } |x| \leq b \\ -\mu p_0 \left[\sqrt{1 - \frac{x^2}{b^2}} - \frac{c}{b}\sqrt{1 - \frac{(x-e)^2}{c^2}}\right], \quad |x-e| < c \end{cases} \end{equation} where once again \[ \frac{c}{b} = \sqrt{1 - \frac{Q}{\mu F}}\] and \begin{equation} e = \frac{b \sigma_\mathrm{ax}}{4 \mu p_0}. \end{equation} If larger values of $\sigma_\mathrm{ax}$ are applied, one edge of the stick zone will approach the edge of the contact ($e$ becomes larger). The solution for the shear stress traction is therefore only valid if $e + c \leq b$, i. e. \[\frac{\sigma_\mathrm{ax}}{\mu p_0} \leq 4\left(1 - \sqrt{1 - \frac{Q}{\mu F}}\right).\]

MLSM numerical solution for FWO case

We replicate the numerical solution described in Pereira et al. (2016) ^[1]

Case definition

We are solving the equation $$(\lambda + \mu) \nabla (\nabla \cdot \b{u}) + \mu \nabla^2 \b{u} = 0$$ on the domain $D = [-L/2, L/2] \times [-W/2, 0]$. Componentwise $\b{u} = [u; v]$. The boundary conditions are:

• top: $\vec{t}(x) = (q(x), -p(x))$ or componentwise $\mu \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}(x, 0) + \mu \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}(x, 0) = q(x)$ and $(2 \mu+\lambda) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}(x, 0) + \lambda \frac{\partial v}{\partial y}(x, 0) = -p(x)$ .
• left: $\b{u} = 0$ or componentwise $u(-L/2, y) = v(-L/2, y) = 0$.
• bottom: up-down symmetry conditions: componentwise $\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}(x, -W/2) = 0, v(x, -W/2) = 0$.
• right: this part has traction $\sigma_{ax}$, ie. $\vec{t}(y) = \sigma_{ax}\vec{\imath}$ or componentwise $(2 \mu+\lambda) \frac{\partial v}{\partial y}(L/2, y) + \lambda \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}(L/2, y) = 0$ and $\mu \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}(L/2, y) + \mu \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}(L/2, y) = \sigma_{ax}$.

Illustration of the computational domain is presented below.

Phsyical parameters

Basic parameters are:

• $E = \unit{72.1}{GPa}$, Youngs modulus
• $\nu = 0.33$, Poissons ratio
• $L = \unit{40}{mm}$, length of the pad
• $W = \unit{10}{mm}$, width of the pad
• $t = \unit{4}{mm}$, thickness of the pad
• $\sigma_{ax} = \unit{100}{MPa}$, axial pressure
• $F = \unit{543}{N}$, normal force
• $Q = \unit{155}{N}$, tangential force
• $R = \unit{10}{mm}$ or $\unit{50}{mm}$, raduis of curvature of the cylindrical pad
• $COF = \mu = 0.3$ or $0.85$ or $2$, coefficient of friction

Derived parameters are, for choice of $R = \unit{10}{mm}$ and $\mu = 0.3$:

• $E^\ast = \frac{E}{2(1-\nu^2)} = \unit{40.4}{GPa}$, combined Young's modulus
• $p_{max} = p_0 = \sqrt{\frac{FE^\ast}{t R \pi}} = \unit{418.10407}{MPa}$, maximal normal pressure
• $a = 2 \sqrt{\frac{FR}{t E^\ast \pi}} = \unit{0.2067}{mm}$, semi contact width, contact region is $[-a, a] \times \{0\}$
• $c = a \sqrt{1 - \frac{Q}{\mu F}} = \unit{0.04504}{mm}$, stick zone semi width
• $e = \frac{a \sigma_{ax}}{4 \mu p_{max}} = \unit{0.041197}{mm}$, eccentricity due to axial load

Numerical solution

Comparison of this solution against FEM solution published in Pereira et al. (2016) is presented below.

Meshes for this plot: File:fwo_meshes.zip

Data for this plot: File:fwo_cases_plotdata.mat

Script for this plot: File:plot_fwo_cases.m

For faster testing, smaller meshes and corresponding solutions are presented below:

Meshes for this plot: File:fwo_small_meshes.zip

Data for this plot: File:fwo_cases_small_mesh_plodata.mat

Script is the same as above.

A contour plot of von Mises stress in the specimen for the case $\mu = 0.65, R = 50$ is presented below. Countour plots for all cases look similar.

Note that contour of stress are similar to the ones in Hertzian contact above, but a significant concentracion of stresses under the contact area is present.

References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2} K. Pereira et al., On the convergence of stresses in fretting fatigue, Materials 9(8) (2016), doi:10.3390/ma9080639
2. ↑ R. Hojjati-Talemi, M. A. Wahab in dr., Prediction of fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation lifetime for cylindrical contact configuration, Tribol. Int. 76 (2014) 73–91, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2014.02.017.